Frontal Bone Remodeling for Gender Reassignment Surgery of the Male Forehead

Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) or genital reconstruction surgery is a medical term for the surgical procedures by which any random person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are altered to resemble that of the other sex. 

This article mainly describes the procedures that are used by the surgeons and the materials implanted into the male frontal bone to reconstruct the forehead to resemble a more feminine look on their expressions, in other words patients are undergoing feminizing cranioplasty. In this case, the material hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) composed of tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate seems to be a good alternative, since it has been used in most patients, and due to its biocompatible and reconstructive properties. It also permits osseointegration, which makes it relatively resistant to infection. Overall, the results were very satisfactory.

I found this article interesting as it explains the difference between the male and female cranial structure. Reconstructive surgeries may be able to recreate a feminine look but it shows that the female features are very distinct from a male’s facial structure. And, I have found out that bossing across the orbital rims and hooding of the lateral orbit must be reduced to give a lifted eyebrow look.  Also, the concavity on the forehead above the area of the residual bossing must be filled, which eliminates the masculine characteristic and gives a continuous female curvature of the forehead on a male.

Here is the article: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/854/art%253A10.1007%252Fs00266-011-9731-y.pdf?auth66=1386538190_1459cf61e7b51a9177955238af467e2b&ext=.pdf